AOD9604

AOD9604 Peptide: Comprehensive Research Guide

AOD9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment of human growth hormone (hGH), specifically consisting of amino acids 177-191 of the C-terminal region of hGH, with a tyrosine residue added at the N-terminus (Tyr-hGH 177-191). Originally developed by Australian biotechnology company Metabolic Pharmaceuticals (now part of Monash University), AOD9604 was designed to retain the lipolytic (fat-burning) effects of human growth hormone without its growth-promoting, diabetogenic, or other systemic effects. With the amino acid sequence Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe (a 16-amino acid peptide with a disulfide bond between the two cysteine residues), AOD9604 has become a popular research tool in obesity, metabolic, and anti-aging research.

AOD9604’s remarkable biological activity stems from its ability to stimulate lipolysis (breakdown of fat) and inhibit lipogenesis (fat formation) through mechanisms that appear to be distinct from the growth-promoting effects of full-length hGH. Unlike full-length hGH, which acts through the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and stimulates insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production, AOD9604 appears to act primarily through direct effects on adipose tissue and metabolic pathways, with minimal effects on growth, IGF-1 levels, or glucose homeostasis. This selective lipolytic activity makes AOD9604 an attractive research tool for investigating fat metabolism, obesity treatment, body composition optimization, and the metabolic effects of growth hormone fragments. Researchers worldwide utilize high-purity AOD9604 to investigate adipose tissue biology, lipolysis mechanisms, obesity treatment, body composition, metabolic syndrome, and the therapeutic potential of growth hormone fragments.

Molecular Structure and Pharmacological Properties

AOD9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment of human growth hormone with a molecular structure specifically designed for selective lipolytic activity. Key molecular properties:

• AMINO ACID SEQUENCE: Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe (YLRIVQCRSVEGSCGF)
• MOLECULAR FORMULA: C₇₈H₁₂₃N₂₃O₂₃S₂
• MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 1814.1 Da (free base); ~1874 Da (acetate salt, typical)
• STRUCTURE: 16-amino acid linear peptide with a disulfide bond between Cys7 and Cys14 (forming a cyclic loop), N-terminal tyrosine (added for stability and activity), derived from the C-terminal region (amino acids 177-191) of human growth hormone
• SOLUBILITY: Soluble in water, PBS, bacteriostatic water, and dilute acetic acid; solubility may be enhanced by gentle warming or sonication
• pI: Approximately 8.5-9.5 (basic peptide due to arginine residues)
• HALF-LIFE: Approximately 2-4 hours in plasma (shorter than full-length hGH due to smaller size); may be extended by formulation or administration route
• RECEPTOR ACTIVITY: Does not significantly bind to or activate the growth hormone receptor (GHR) at typical research concentrations; mechanism of action appears to involve direct effects on adipose tissue and metabolic pathways, possibly through interaction with specific receptors or intracellular targets in adipocytes
• BIOAVAILABILITY: Good subcutaneous bioavailability (~50-70%); poor oral bioavailability due to peptide degradation in the gastrointestinal tract
• IGF-1 STIMULATION: Minimal to no stimulation of IGF-1 production at typical research doses, distinguishing it from full-length hGH

Mechanism of Action and Metabolic Effects

AOD9604 exerts its metabolic effects through mechanisms that are still being fully elucidated, but appear to involve direct effects on adipose tissue and metabolic pathways, distinct from the growth-promoting effects of full-length human growth hormone. Key mechanisms and effects include:

• STIMULATION OF LIPOLYSIS (FAT BREAKDOWN): The primary and most well-characterized effect of AOD9604 is the stimulation of lipolysis (breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol) in adipose tissue. AOD9604 appears to directly stimulate lipolysis in adipocytes (fat cells), particularly in visceral (abdominal) adipose tissue, through mechanisms that may involve activation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), the key enzymes responsible for triglyceride breakdown. The stimulation of lipolysis by AOD9604 appears to be independent of growth hormone receptor activation and IGF-1 production, and may involve direct interaction with specific receptors or intracellular signaling pathways in adipocytes. The lipolytic effect of AOD9604 is dose-dependent and has been demonstrated in both in vitro adipocyte models and in vivo animal studies.
• INHIBITION OF LIPOGENESIS (FAT FORMATION): In addition to stimulating fat breakdown, AOD9604 appears to inhibit lipogenesis (de novo fat synthesis and storage) in adipose tissue and the liver. AOD9604 may reduce the expression and activity of key lipogenic enzymes, including fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), thereby reducing the synthesis and storage of triglycerides. The inhibition of lipogenesis, combined with the stimulation of lipolysis, results in a net reduction of adipose tissue mass, particularly in visceral fat depots. This dual mechanism (increased fat breakdown + reduced fat formation) distinguishes AOD9604 from many other weight loss agents, which primarily act through appetite suppression or increased energy expenditure.
• SELECTIVE VISCERAL FAT REDUCTION: AOD9604 appears to have a preferential effect on visceral (abdominal) adipose tissue, which is the fat depot most strongly associated with metabolic complications such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. The selective reduction of visceral fat may be due to differences in receptor expression, blood flow, or metabolic activity between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The preferential reduction of visceral fat is a particularly desirable feature of AOD9604, as visceral fat accumulation is a key component of metabolic syndrome and is associated with increased health risks, while subcutaneous fat may have some protective metabolic effects.
• MINIMAL EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND IGF-1: One of the key features of AOD9604 that distinguishes it from full-length human growth hormone is its minimal effect on growth, IGF-1 production, and glucose homeostasis. Full-length hGH acts through the growth hormone receptor (GHR) to stimulate IGF-1 production in the liver and other tissues, which mediates many of hGH’s growth-promoting and metabolic effects. AOD9604, as a small C-terminal fragment of hGH, does not significantly bind to or activate GHR at typical research concentrations, and therefore does not stimulate IGF-1 production or promote linear growth. This means that AOD9604 may provide the lipolytic benefits of hGH without the potential side effects associated with full-length hGH therapy, such as acromegaly, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, edema, joint pain, and increased cancer risk.
• MINIMAL EFFECTS ON GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS: Unlike full-length hGH, which can cause insulin resistance and glucose intolerance (particularly at higher doses), AOD9604 appears to have minimal effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity at typical research doses. In fact, some studies suggest that AOD9604 may improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, likely due to its effects on reducing visceral fat and improving overall metabolic health. The minimal effects on glucose homeostasis are a significant advantage of AOD9604 over full-length hGH, as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance are common and potentially serious side effects of hGH therapy, particularly in individuals with obesity or type 2 diabetes.
• POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON ENERGY EXPENDITURE: While AOD9604’s primary mechanism of action is the stimulation of lipolysis and inhibition of lipogenesis, some studies suggest that it may also have modest effects on energy expenditure and fat oxidation. The free fatty acids released by AOD9604-stimulated lipolysis may serve as substrates for energy production, potentially increasing fat oxidation and energy expenditure. However, the effects of AOD9604 on energy expenditure appear to be less pronounced than its effects on lipolysis, and more research is needed to fully characterize the metabolic effects of AOD9604 and their underlying mechanisms.
• POTENTIAL ANTI-OBESITY AND METABOLIC BENEFITS: Through its combined effects on lipolysis, lipogenesis, visceral fat reduction, and potentially energy expenditure, AOD9604 has demonstrated potential benefits for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and related metabolic disorders in preclinical studies. AOD9604 has been shown to reduce body weight and fat mass, improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, reduce visceral fat accumulation, improve lipid profiles, and reduce hepatic steatosis in animal models of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The potential metabolic benefits of AOD9604, combined with its favorable safety profile (minimal effects on growth, IGF-1, and glucose), make it an attractive candidate for further research as a potential treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders.

Research Applications

1. Obesity and Weight Management Research

AOD9604 is most extensively studied in obesity research for its lipolytic and fat-reducing effects:

• Fat Mass Reduction and Weight Loss: Research into AOD9604’s ability to reduce fat mass and body weight through the stimulation of lipolysis and inhibition of lipogenesis. In preclinical studies (including animal models of diet-induced obesity and genetic obesity), AOD9604 has been shown to significantly reduce body weight and fat mass, particularly visceral fat, without significant effects on lean body mass or food intake. The weight loss effects of AOD9604 appear to be primarily due to increased fat breakdown and reduced fat storage, rather than appetite suppression (unlike many other weight loss agents). Research is investigating the optimal dosing regimen, treatment duration, and combination therapies to maximize fat loss while preserving lean body mass and minimizing side effects.
• Visceral Adipose Tissue Reduction: Studies investigating AOD9604’s preferential effects on visceral (abdominal) adipose tissue, which is the fat depot most strongly associated with metabolic complications. Visceral fat accumulation is a key feature of central obesity and metabolic syndrome, and is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and certain cancers. AOD9604 has been shown to preferentially reduce visceral fat in animal models, potentially due to differences in receptor expression, blood flow, or metabolic activity between visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The selective reduction of visceral fat is a particularly desirable feature of AOD9604, as it may provide greater metabolic benefits than overall weight loss alone. Research using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on visceral and subcutaneous fat distribution and the relationship between visceral fat reduction and improvements in metabolic health.
• Lipolysis Mechanisms and Adipocyte Biology: Research into the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which AOD9604 stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis in adipocytes. While AOD9604’s lipolytic effects are well-characterized, the specific receptors and signaling pathways involved are still being fully elucidated. AOD9604 does not appear to act through the growth hormone receptor, and its mechanism may involve direct interaction with specific receptors or intracellular targets in adipocytes, potentially including modulation of cAMP/PKA signaling, activation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), inhibition of phosphodiesterases, or modulation of other metabolic pathways. Research using in vitro adipocyte models (including 3T3-L1 cells, primary human adipocytes, and adipose tissue explants), receptor binding assays, signaling pathway analysis, and gene expression profiling is investigating the detailed mechanisms of AOD9604’s lipolytic effects and identifying the specific molecular targets involved.
• Body Composition and Lean Mass Preservation: Studies investigating AOD9604’s effects on body composition, including fat mass, lean body mass, bone mineral density, and body water distribution. One of the challenges of weight loss is the loss of lean body mass (muscle) along with fat mass, which can reduce metabolic rate, increase the risk of weight regain, and impair physical function. AOD9604 appears to primarily reduce fat mass with minimal effects on lean body mass in preclinical studies, potentially due to its selective effects on adipose tissue and lack of growth-promoting or catabolic effects. The preservation of lean body mass during fat loss is a desirable feature of AOD9604, as it may help maintain metabolic rate and physical function during weight loss. Research using DXA, MRI, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and other body composition techniques is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on body composition and the optimal strategies to maximize fat loss while preserving lean mass.
• Combination Therapy for Obesity: Research into AOD9604 in combination with other weight loss agents or interventions for the treatment of obesity. Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease, and combination therapies that target multiple pathways (appetite, energy expenditure, fat metabolism, etc.) may be more effective than single-agent therapies. AOD9604’s unique mechanism of action (direct stimulation of lipolysis and inhibition of lipogenesis) may complement the effects of other weight loss agents, including appetite suppressants (such as GLP-1 receptor agonists), energy expenditure increasers (such as glucagon receptor agonists), fat absorption inhibitors (such as orlistat), and lifestyle interventions (diet and exercise). Research is investigating the safety and efficacy of AOD9604 in combination with other weight loss agents, including potential synergistic effects on fat loss, body composition, and metabolic health, while monitoring for potential side effects and drug interactions.

2. Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance Research

AOD9604 is studied in metabolic syndrome research for its effects on visceral fat, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic health:

• Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Homeostasis: Research into AOD9604’s effects on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, and overall glucose homeostasis. Insulin resistance (reduced responsiveness of tissues to insulin) is a key feature of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and is strongly associated with visceral fat accumulation. AOD9604’s reduction of visceral fat may improve insulin sensitivity by reducing lipotoxicity (toxic effects of excess lipids on insulin-sensitive tissues), reducing inflammation, and improving overall metabolic health. Unlike full-length hGH, which can cause insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, AOD9604 appears to have minimal or beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis at typical research doses. Research using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (the gold standard for measuring insulin sensitivity), oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT), insulin tolerance tests (ITT), and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in animal models of obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.
• Metabolic Syndrome Features: Studies investigating AOD9604’s effects on the multiple features of metabolic syndrome, including central obesity (visceral fat accumulation), insulin resistance/glucose intolerance, hypertension (high blood pressure), dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels), and pro-inflammatory/pro-thrombotic states. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that significantly increase the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality, and affects a large proportion of the global population. AOD9604’s effects on visceral fat reduction, insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and potentially blood pressure and inflammation may address multiple features of metabolic syndrome simultaneously. Research is investigating whether AOD9604 can improve the overall metabolic profile of individuals with metabolic syndrome, and whether these improvements are due to visceral fat reduction or direct effects of AOD9604 on metabolic pathways.
• Hepatic Steatosis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Research into AOD9604’s effects on hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation in the liver), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFLD is characterized by excessive accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes (liver cells), and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD can progress to NASH (characterized by hepatic inflammation, hepatocyte injury, and fibrosis), cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. AOD9604’s inhibition of lipogenesis may reduce hepatic fat synthesis, while its stimulation of lipolysis and fat oxidation may reduce hepatic fat accumulation, potentially improving NAFLD. In addition, AOD9604’s reduction of visceral fat and improvement of insulin sensitivity may indirectly reduce hepatic fat accumulation. Research using liver histology, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), liver enzyme measurements, and in vitro hepatocyte models is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on hepatic steatosis and NAFLD/NASH.
• Dyslipidemia and Lipid Metabolism: Studies investigating AOD9604’s effects on lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and other lipid parameters. Dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels), particularly elevated triglycerides, elevated LDL cholesterol, and reduced HDL cholesterol, is common in individuals with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. AOD9604’s effects on fat metabolism, including stimulation of lipolysis and inhibition of lipogenesis, may improve lipid profiles by reducing triglyceride synthesis and secretion, increasing fatty acid oxidation, and reducing overall fat mass. In addition, AOD9604’s reduction of visceral fat and improvement of insulin sensitivity may indirectly improve lipid profiles. Research using lipid profiling, lipoprotein subclass analysis, and in vitro hepatocyte and adipocyte models is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on lipid metabolism and dyslipidemia.
• Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Adipokine Secretion: Research into AOD9604’s effects on adipose tissue inflammation, adipokine secretion (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, TNF-α, IL-6), and overall adipose tissue function. In obesity, adipose tissue becomes dysfunctional, with adipocyte hypertrophy, increased infiltration of inflammatory immune cells (macrophages, T cells), increased secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines (leptin, resistin, TNF-α, IL-6), and reduced secretion of anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing adipokines (adiponectin). This adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease. AOD9604’s reduction of adipocyte size and fat mass may reduce adipose tissue inflammation and normalize adipokine secretion, potentially improving metabolic health. Research using adipose tissue biopsies, adipokine assays, inflammatory marker measurements, and in vitro adipocyte and immune cell models is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on adipose tissue inflammation and function.

3. Anti-Aging and Longevity Research

AOD9604 is studied in anti-aging research for its potential effects on body composition, metabolic health, and aging-related changes:

• Age-Related Body Composition Changes: Research into AOD9604’s potential to mitigate age-related changes in body composition, including the accumulation of fat mass (particularly visceral fat), the loss of lean body mass (sarcopenia), and the redistribution of fat from subcutaneous to visceral depots. Aging is associated with significant changes in body composition, including increased fat mass, decreased lean mass, and increased visceral fat accumulation, which contribute to metabolic dysfunction, reduced physical function, and increased mortality. While AOD9604 primarily reduces fat mass rather than increasing lean mass, its ability to reduce visceral fat and improve metabolic health may help mitigate some of the adverse metabolic effects of aging. In addition, AOD9604’s minimal effects on growth and IGF-1 may make it a safer alternative to full-length hGH for age-related body composition changes, as hGH therapy in older adults has been associated with significant side effects including insulin resistance, edema, joint pain, and increased cancer risk. Research is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on body composition and metabolic health in aging animal models and older adults.
• Metabolic Health in Aging: Studies investigating AOD9604’s potential to improve metabolic health in aging, including insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid profiles, and hepatic fat accumulation. Aging is associated with a progressive decline in metabolic health, including increased insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. These age-related metabolic changes are strongly associated with increased visceral fat accumulation and reduced physical activity. AOD9604’s reduction of visceral fat and improvement of insulin sensitivity may help mitigate age-related metabolic decline and reduce the risk of metabolic diseases in older adults. Research is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on metabolic health in aging animal models, and whether these effects are associated with improvements in overall healthspan and lifespan.
• Cellular Senescence and Inflammaging: Emerging research into AOD9604’s potential effects on cellular senescence (cellular aging), “inflammaging” (chronic low-grade inflammation associated with aging), and other aging-related processes. While AOD9604’s primary mechanism of action is the stimulation of lipolysis and inhibition of lipogenesis, its effects on reducing visceral fat and adipose tissue inflammation may indirectly reduce systemic inflammation and cellular senescence, as visceral fat accumulation and adipose tissue dysfunction are important contributors to inflammaging and age-related inflammation. In addition, some studies suggest that growth hormone fragments may have direct effects on cellular metabolism and stress resistance, potentially through modulation of metabolic pathways such as AMPK, sirtuins, or mTOR. Research is investigating whether AOD9604 has direct effects on cellular senescence, inflammation, and aging-related pathways, beyond its effects on fat metabolism and body composition.
• Physical Function and Frailty: Research into AOD9604’s potential effects on physical function, frailty, mobility, strength, and quality of life in older adults. Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome characterized by reduced physiological reserve, increased vulnerability to stressors, and increased risk of falls, disability, hospitalization, and mortality. Frailty is strongly associated with sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and strength), visceral fat accumulation, metabolic dysfunction, and reduced physical activity. While AOD9604 primarily reduces fat mass rather than increasing muscle mass, its ability to reduce visceral fat and improve metabolic health may help reduce the burden of metabolic disease and improve physical function in older adults. In addition, AOD9604 may be used in combination with exercise, protein supplementation, or muscle-building therapies to improve body composition and physical function in frail older adults. Research is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on physical function, frailty, and quality of life in aging animal models and older adults.

4. Sports Performance and Body Composition Research

AOD9604 is studied in sports performance and body composition research for its fat-reducing and body composition effects:

• Fat Loss for Body Composition Optimization: Research into AOD9604’s ability to reduce fat mass while preserving lean body mass for body composition optimization. In sports and fitness, achieving low body fat levels while maintaining muscle mass is a common goal for athletes, bodybuilders, and fitness enthusiasts. AOD9604’s selective lipolytic effects, combined with its minimal effects on lean mass, growth, and glucose homeostasis, make it an attractive research tool for investigating body composition optimization. Unlike full-length hGH, which can cause significant side effects including insulin resistance, edema, joint pain, and acromegaly, AOD9604 may provide the fat-burning benefits of hGH with a more favorable safety profile. Research is investigating the optimal dosing, timing, and combination strategies (including diet, exercise, and other peptides) to maximize fat loss while preserving muscle mass and performance.
• Metabolic Effects During Caloric Restriction: Studies investigating AOD9604’s effects on metabolism, body composition, and muscle preservation during caloric restriction (dieting). Caloric restriction is commonly used for fat loss, but it can also lead to loss of lean body mass, reduced metabolic rate, increased hunger, and other adverse effects. AOD9604’s stimulation of lipolysis may enhance fat loss during caloric restriction, potentially allowing for greater fat loss at a given level of caloric restriction or equivalent fat loss at a less severe caloric deficit. In addition, AOD9604’s minimal effects on lean mass may help preserve muscle during dieting. Research is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on body composition, metabolic rate, hunger hormones, and physical performance during caloric restriction in animal models and human subjects.
• Recovery and Injury Rehabilitation: Research into AOD9604’s potential effects on recovery from exercise, injury rehabilitation, and tissue repair. While AOD9604 is primarily known for its lipolytic effects, some studies suggest that growth hormone fragments may have effects on tissue repair and recovery, potentially through modulation of inflammation, metabolism, or growth factor signaling. However, the effects of AOD9604 on tissue repair and recovery are less well-characterized than its lipolytic effects, and more research is needed to determine whether AOD9604 has direct effects on tissue repair or whether any observed effects are indirect (due to improved metabolic health or reduced fat mass). Research is investigating the effects of AOD9604 on exercise recovery, muscle injury repair, tendon and ligament healing, and other tissue repair processes.
• Combination with Other Peptides and Hormones: Studies investigating AOD9604 in combination with other peptides, hormones, or performance-enhancing agents for body composition and performance optimization. In sports and fitness research, combination therapies that target multiple pathways (fat metabolism, muscle growth, recovery, energy, etc.) may be more effective than single-agent therapies. AOD9604’s unique lipolytic mechanism may complement the effects of other peptides, including growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs such as ipamorelin, hexarelin, GHRP-6), growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogs (such as sermorelin, CJC-1295), IGF-1 and its analogs, melanocortin peptides (such as Melanotan 2), and other metabolic peptides. Research is investigating the safety and efficacy of AOD9604 in combination with other peptides and hormones, including potential synergistic effects on body composition, fat loss, muscle mass, and performance, while monitoring for potential side effects and drug interactions.

Product Specifications

Parameter	Value
Compound Name	AOD9604 (Tyr-hGH 177-191)
Amino Acid Sequence	Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe
CAS Number	221231-10-3
Molecular Formula	C₇₈H₁₂₃N₂₃O₂₃S₂
Molecular Weight	1814.1 Da (free base); ~1874 Da (acetate salt)
Purity	≥98% (HPLC verified)
Appearance	White to off-white lyophilized powder
Solubility	Soluble in water, PBS, bacteriostatic water, dilute acetic acid
Structure	16-amino acid peptide with disulfide bond (Cys7-Cys14)
Source	Synthetic (fragment of human growth hormone, amino acids 177-191 + N-terminal Tyr)
Acetate Content	≤15% (w/w)
Water Content	≤5% (Karl Fischer)
Endotoxin	<1 EU/mg (LAL method)
Storage	-20°C, sealed, protected from light and moisture
Shelf Life	24 months from date of manufacture

Reconstitution and Handling Guidelines

For optimal results in laboratory research:

1. Allow the vial to equilibrate to room temperature before opening to prevent condensation
2. Reconstitute with bacteriostatic water, sterile water, 0.9% NaCl, or PBS to a desired concentration (typically 1-10 mg/mL; AOD9604 may require gentle warming or sonication for complete dissolution)
3. Gently swirl or invert the vial until complete dissolution; avoid vigorous shaking, which can cause foaming and peptide degradation
4. For cell culture experiments, filter-sterilize the reconstituted solution using a 0.22 μm filter
5. Aliquot into working volumes to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles
6. Store lyophilized powder at -20°C; store reconstituted solutions at -20°C or -80°C for long-term use
7. Reconstituted solutions are stable for 7-14 days at 2-8°C (in bacteriostatic water) and up to 3 months at -20°C
8. Avoid exposure to strong proteases, extreme pH, and high temperatures
9. Note: AOD9604 contains a disulfide bond and should be protected from reducing agents and oxidative conditions

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the difference between AOD9604 and full-length human growth hormone (hGH)?

AOD9604 differs from full-length human growth hormone (hGH) in several key aspects:
– Structure: Full-length hGH is a 191-amino acid protein with a molecular weight of approximately 22 kDa, while AOD9604 is a small 16-amino acid peptide fragment (with a molecular weight of ~1.8 kDa) derived from the C-terminal region (amino acids 177-191) of hGH, with an additional N-terminal tyrosine.
– Mechanism of action: Full-length hGH acts primarily through the growth hormone receptor (GHR), a transmembrane receptor that activates multiple intracellular signaling pathways (including JAK-STAT, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt) and stimulates the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the liver and other tissues. AOD9604 does not significantly bind to or activate GHR at typical research concentrations, and its mechanism of action appears to involve direct effects on adipose tissue and metabolic pathways, possibly through interaction with specific receptors or intracellular targets in adipocytes.
– Biological effects: Full-length hGH has a wide range of biological effects, including stimulation of linear growth, increase in lean body mass, reduction of fat mass, increase in IGF-1 production, modulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and effects on bone, cartilage, muscle, and other tissues. AOD9604 appears to have more selective effects, primarily stimulating lipolysis (fat breakdown) and inhibiting lipogenesis (fat formation), with minimal effects on growth, IGF-1 production, lean mass, or glucose homeostasis.
– Side effect profile: Full-length hGH therapy is associated with significant side effects, including insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, edema (fluid retention), joint pain and stiffness, carpal tunnel syndrome, gynecomastia, increased risk of certain cancers, and acromegaly (with long-term use). AOD9604 appears to have a much more favorable safety profile, with minimal effects on glucose homeostasis, no significant edema or joint pain, and no growth-promoting effects, due to its lack of GHR activation and IGF-1 stimulation.
– Clinical development: Full-length hGH is approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency, Turner syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, chronic kidney disease-related growth failure, short bowel syndrome, and HIV/AIDS-related wasting, and is also used off-label for anti-aging and body composition purposes. AOD9604 was in clinical development for obesity (Phase II trials showed significant fat loss with minimal side effects), but its development was discontinued for commercial reasons; it remains a popular research tool for obesity, metabolic, and anti-aging research.
In summary, AOD9604 is a small peptide fragment of hGH that appears to retain the lipolytic (fat-burning) effects of full-length hGH without its growth-promoting, diabetogenic, or other systemic effects, making it a more selective and potentially safer research tool for fat metabolism and body composition studies.

Q2: What purity level is recommended for research?

For most research applications, ≥98% purity (HPLC verified) is recommended. Our AOD9604 meets this standard and undergoes comprehensive quality control, including mass spectrometry verification (confirming molecular weight of ~1814 Da and correct amino acid sequence), amino acid analysis, peptide mapping, disulfide bond verification, endotoxin testing (<1 EU/mg), and microbial screening. For highly sensitive in vivo studies, cell culture experiments, or clinical research, we can provide ≥99% purity with additional quality testing (including residual solvent testing, heavy metal analysis, bioburden testing, and biological activity verification in lipolysis assays) upon request. Note that AOD9604's structure (with a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues) requires careful manufacturing and purification to ensure correct folding and disulfide bond formation, and our GMP manufacturing process ensures consistent quality across batches with full traceability and comprehensive quality documentation. Researchers should note that AOD9604 is a biologically active peptide, and even small impurities or incorrectly folded peptide could potentially affect experimental results, particularly in sensitive in vitro or in vivo studies, making high-purity material with verified disulfide bond formation essential for reliable research.

Q3: Can AOD9604 be used in cell culture experiments?

Yes, AOD9604 is suitable for cell culture experiments with a variety of cell types, particularly adipocytes (3T3-L1, 3T3-F442A, primary human adipocytes, adipose tissue explants), hepatocytes (HepG2, Huh7, primary human hepatocytes), and other metabolic cell types. AOD9604 is soluble in standard culture media, although it may require gentle warming or sonication for complete dissolution at high concentrations. Typical working concentrations range from 1 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL (approximately 0.5-50 μM), depending on the cell type and assay. The EC50 for lipolysis stimulation in adipocytes is typically in the range of 1-10 μg/mL. AOD9604 is generally well-tolerated by cells at concentrations up to 100 μg/mL, although higher concentrations may cause cytotoxicity in some cell types. For extended experiments (>48-72 hours), refresh media with fresh AOD9604 every 24-48 hours, as the peptide may degrade over time in culture media at 37°C. Filter-sterilize reconstituted solutions before adding to cell cultures. AOD9604’s direct effects on adipocyte lipolysis and metabolism make it a valuable tool for studying adipose tissue biology, lipid metabolism, and the mechanisms of growth hormone fragment action. Researchers should note that AOD9604 does not significantly activate the growth hormone receptor, and appropriate controls (including full-length hGH, GHR antagonists, and receptor knockdown/knockout approaches) should be used to confirm that observed effects are due to AOD9604’s specific mechanism rather than GHR activation.

Q4: What is the typical dosage range for animal studies?

Dosage varies by species, administration route, and research objective. AOD9604 is typically administered by subcutaneous injection, and common dosage ranges include:
– Rodents (acute): 0.1-10 mg/kg (SC/IP/IV), typically administered once or twice daily
– Rodents (chronic): 0.1-5 mg/kg/day (SC injection or osmotic minipump), typically for 2-12 weeks
– Rabbits/guinea pigs: 0.1-5 mg/kg (SC), once or twice daily
– Primates: 0.01-1 mg/kg (SC), once daily
– Humans (clinical trials): 0.1-1 mg (SC), once daily, with gradual dose titration to minimize side effects
AOD9604 is typically administered by subcutaneous injection due to poor oral bioavailability and relatively short half-life (~2-4 hours). For obesity and fat loss studies, doses that produce significant fat loss without causing side effects are typically preferred, and once or twice daily administration is common due to the peptide’s relatively short half-life. For metabolic studies (insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid profiles), doses in the range of 0.5-5 mg/kg in rodents are commonly used. For cell culture and in vitro studies, concentrations of 1-100 μg/mL are typically used. Researchers should consult relevant literature and perform dose-response studies to optimize protocols for their specific applications, and should carefully monitor animals for side effects, particularly at higher doses. Note that AOD9604’s effects can be variable between individuals and species, and the optimal dose may depend on baseline body weight, fat mass, metabolic status, and other factors. Also note that AOD9604 was originally developed for oral administration (as an orally active peptide), and some research has investigated oral formulations, but subcutaneous injection is the most common and reliable administration route for research purposes.

Q5: How does AOD9604 compare to other fat-burning peptides and growth hormone fragments?

AOD9604 is one of several peptides and growth hormone fragments studied for fat-burning and body composition effects, each with distinct mechanisms, efficacy, and safety profiles:
– vs. Full-length hGH: As discussed in Q1, full-length hGH has broader effects (growth, IGF-1 stimulation, lean mass increase, fat reduction) but more side effects (insulin resistance, edema, joint pain, acromegaly). AOD9604 is more selective for fat reduction with fewer side effects but does not increase lean mass or IGF-1.
– vs. IGF-1 and IGF-1 LR3: IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) and its long-acting analog IGF-1 LR3 are growth factors that mediate many of hGH’s effects, including muscle growth, fat reduction, and tissue repair. They have significant effects on growth and metabolism, but also side effects including hypoglycemia, insulin resistance, edema, and potential cancer risk. AOD9604 has more selective fat-reducing effects with minimal effects on growth or glucose, but does not have the muscle-building or tissue repair effects of IGF-1.
– vs. GHRPs (Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides: ipamorelin, hexarelin, GHRP-6, GHRP-2): GHRPs stimulate the pituitary gland to release endogenous growth hormone, thereby increasing hGH and IGF-1 levels. They have effects on body composition (fat reduction, potential lean mass increase) and recovery, but their effects are mediated through increased hGH/IGF-1 and may include side effects associated with hGH (insulin resistance, edema, etc.). AOD9604 acts directly on adipose tissue without increasing hGH or IGF-1, and therefore has a different mechanism and side effect profile.
– vs. GHRH analogs (sermorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin): GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) analogs stimulate the pituitary to release hGH, similar to GHRPs but through a different receptor. They have effects on body composition and recovery, mediated through increased hGH/IGF-1, with associated side effects. AOD9604 acts directly on adipose tissue without increasing hGH/IGF-1.
– vs. Melanotan 2 and other melanocortin peptides: Melanotan 2 and related melanocortin agonists reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure through MC4R receptor activation, producing significant weight loss. They have a different mechanism (central appetite suppression + increased energy expenditure) compared to AOD9604 (direct lipolysis + lipogenesis inhibition), and have different side effect profiles (nausea, flushing, sexual effects, increased blood pressure for melanocortins vs. minimal side effects for AOD9604).
– vs. GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide): GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual/triple agonists produce significant weight loss primarily through appetite suppression and slowed gastric emptying, with additional metabolic benefits. They are highly effective for weight loss and type 2 diabetes, but have significant gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) and are expensive. AOD9604 has a different mechanism (direct fat metabolism) with fewer gastrointestinal side effects, but may be less effective for overall weight loss.
In summary, AOD9604 is a unique peptide with a selective lipolytic mechanism (direct stimulation of fat breakdown and inhibition of fat formation) that is distinct from the mechanisms of other fat-burning peptides (which typically act through hGH/IGF-1 stimulation, appetite suppression, or increased energy expenditure). Its favorable safety profile (minimal effects on growth, IGF-1, glucose, or other systemic effects) makes it a valuable research tool for studying adipose tissue biology and fat metabolism, and for investigating body composition optimization with minimal side effects.

Q6: Is AOD9604 stable in solution?

AOD9604 is moderately stable in solution, with stability influenced by its disulfide bond structure and peptide composition. In neutral aqueous solutions (pH 6-8) at refrigerated temperatures (2-8°C), reconstituted AOD9604 is stable for approximately 7-14 days, particularly when reconstituted in bacteriostatic water (containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol) to inhibit microbial growth. For long-term storage, reconstituted solutions should be aliquoted and stored at -20°C or -80°C, where they remain stable for up to 3 months. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles, as these can cause peptide degradation, aggregation, and disulfide bond scrambling. AOD9604 is light-sensitive and should be protected from light during storage and handling. It contains a disulfide bond between Cys7 and Cys14, and should be protected from reducing agents (such as DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, glutathione) and strong oxidizing conditions, which can disrupt or scramble the disulfide bond and affect biological activity. Avoid exposure to extreme pH (below pH 4 or above pH 9 for extended periods), high temperatures (>40°C), and strong proteases, as these conditions can cause peptide degradation or disulfide bond disruption. For in vivo experiments, AOD9604 solutions should be prepared fresh or stored refrigerated for no more than 7-14 days, and should be protected from light during administration. For cell culture experiments, AOD9604 may degrade over time in culture media (particularly at 37°C), and media should be refreshed with fresh peptide every 24-48 hours for extended experiments. Note that AOD9604 can cause foaming when dissolved, and gentle swirling or inversion is recommended rather than vigorous shaking. If foaming occurs, allow the solution to stand until the foam dissipates before use. The high stability of lyophilized AOD9604 (24 months at -20°C) makes it convenient for long-term storage, and researchers are encouraged to store the peptide in lyophilized form and reconstitute only the amount needed for immediate use.

Q7: Can AOD9604 be used in combination with other peptides or treatments?

Yes, AOD9604 is frequently used in combination with other agents in research settings, and some of the most common combinations include:
– Combination with GHRPs (ipamorelin, hexarelin, GHRP-6) or GHRH analogs (sermorelin, CJC-1295): This is a popular combination for body composition research, combining AOD9604’s direct fat-reducing effects with the growth hormone-releasing and potential muscle-building effects of GHRPs/GHRH analogs. The combination may provide additive or synergistic effects on body composition (fat loss + potential lean mass gain), but may also increase side effects due to increased hGH/IGF-1 levels (insulin resistance, edema, etc.).
– Combination with Melanotan 2 or other melanocortin peptides: Used in body composition and weight loss research, combining AOD9604’s direct fat metabolism effects with melanocortin peptides’ appetite-suppressing and energy expenditure-increasing effects. This combination may provide additive weight loss effects through complementary mechanisms, but may also increase side effects (particularly gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects from melanocortins).
– Combination with GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide, liraglutide, tirzepatide): Used in obesity and metabolic research, combining AOD9604’s direct fat-reducing effects with GLP-1 agonists’ appetite-suppressing and insulin-sensitizing effects. This combination may provide additive weight loss and metabolic benefits, but may also increase gastrointestinal side effects.
– Combination with BPC-157 or TB-500: Used in body composition and tissue repair research, combining AOD9604’s fat-reducing effects with BPC-157/TB-500’s tissue repair and regenerative effects. This combination may be useful for research on body composition optimization with concurrent tissue repair or injury rehabilitation.
– Combination with exercise and/or caloric restriction: Used in obesity and sports performance research, combining AOD9604’s fat-reducing effects with lifestyle interventions (diet and exercise). AOD9604 may enhance fat loss during caloric restriction and exercise, potentially allowing for greater fat loss at a given level of caloric restriction or equivalent fat loss with less severe dieting.
– Combination with metformin or other insulin-sensitizing agents: Used in metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance research, combining AOD9604’s visceral fat-reducing effects with metformin’s insulin-sensitizing and hepatic glucose-lowering effects. This combination may provide additive benefits for insulin sensitivity and metabolic health.
– Combination with statins or other lipid-lowering medications: Used in dyslipidemia and cardiovascular research, combining AOD9604’s fat metabolism effects with statins’ cholesterol-lowering effects. This combination may provide additive benefits for lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk reduction.
Researchers should carefully design combination studies, including appropriate controls for each agent alone and in combination, to assess synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. Note that AOD9604 is generally well-tolerated with a favorable safety profile, but combination with other agents may increase the risk of adverse effects, particularly when combined with hGH/IGF-1-stimulating peptides (which may cause insulin resistance, edema, etc.) or melanocortin peptides (which may cause gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects). Researchers should carefully monitor animals or study participants for side effects when using AOD9604 in combination with other agents, and should consult relevant literature for information on potential drug interactions.

Related Research Peptides

Researchers studying AOD9604 often explore these complementary peptides:

• Ipamorelin – Selective GHRP that stimulates growth hormone release with minimal side effects, commonly combined with AOD9604 for body composition
• Sermorelin Acetate – GHRH analog that stimulates growth hormone release, used in combination with AOD9604 for anti-aging and body composition
• CJC-1295 – Long-acting GHRH analog with DAC (drug affinity complex) for extended half-life, used for growth hormone stimulation
• Hexarelin – Potent GHRP that stimulates growth hormone release, used for body composition and cardiac research
• GHRP-6 – Growth hormone-releasing peptide that stimulates GH release and appetite, used for body composition research
• IGF-1 LR3 – Long-acting insulin-like growth factor 1 analog with muscle-building and fat-reducing effects
• Melanotan 2 (MT-2) – Melanocortin agonist with appetite-suppressing and energy expenditure-increasing effects, used for weight loss and tanning
• Semaglutide – GLP-1 receptor agonist with potent appetite-suppressing and weight loss effects, used for obesity and diabetes research
• BPC-157 – 15-amino acid peptide with cytoprotective and tissue repair effects, used in combination with AOD9604 for body composition and repair
• TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) – 43-amino acid peptide involved in actin regulation, cell migration, and tissue repair

Quality Assurance

Our AOD9604 is manufactured under strict GMP conditions and undergoes comprehensive quality testing:

• HPLC purity analysis (≥98%)
• Mass spectrometry molecular weight verification (confirming ~1814 Da and correct amino acid sequence)
• Amino acid composition analysis and sequencing
• Peptide mapping and identity verification
• Disulfide bond verification (Cys7-Cys14, mass spectrometry and Ellman’s assay)
• Specific rotation measurement
• Acetate content determination (≤15%)
• Water content determination (Karl Fischer, ≤5%)
• Endotoxin testing (LAL method, <1 EU/mg)
• Microbial contamination screening (bioburden testing)
• Biological activity verification (lipolysis assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes)
• Residual solvent testing (TFA, acetonitrile, methanol)
• Heavy metal analysis (for high-purity grades)

Each batch is accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis (COA) detailing all test results, including purity, molecular weight, disulfide bond verification, and biological activity. We maintain complete batch records for full traceability and regulatory compliance. Custom synthesis of AOD9604 analogs, labeled peptides (isotopic, fluorescent, biotinylated), modified formulations, and combination products is available upon request. We also offer custom peptide synthesis services for researchers requiring modified AOD9604 sequences, other growth hormone fragments, or related peptides.

Important Disclaimer

FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. This product is intended exclusively for laboratory and scientific research purposes. It is not approved for human consumption, clinical diagnosis, therapeutic treatment, veterinary use, or cosmetic formulation, except where specifically approved by regulatory authorities for indicated medical uses. AOD9604 is a biologically active peptide with significant effects on fat metabolism, body composition, and potentially other physiological systems; all experiments must be conducted by qualified researchers in accordance with institutional biosafety guidelines, animal care protocols, and applicable regulations. Purchasers assume full responsibility for proper handling, storage, and use of this research material. This product is not intended for self-administration or use outside of approved research settings. Researchers should note that AOD9604 may cause side effects including, but not limited to, injection site reactions, headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, dizziness, flushing, sweating, changes in appetite, changes in blood glucose (minimal at typical doses), changes in blood pressure, joint pain (minimal compared to hGH), edema (minimal compared to hGH), and in rare cases, allergic reactions or more serious adverse effects. Individuals with pre-existing medical conditions (particularly type 1 diabetes, pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, liver or kidney disease, cancer history, or pituitary/hypothalamic disorders) should exercise extreme caution, and AOD9604 should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women, or by individuals under the age of 18. In vivo studies should be conducted with appropriate ethical review and careful monitoring of relevant physiological parameters, including body weight, body composition, food intake, blood glucose, insulin, IGF-1 (to verify minimal stimulation), lipid profiles, liver enzymes, kidney function, and complete blood count. The use of AOD9604 for weight loss, bodybuilding, performance enhancement, anti-aging, or other non-research purposes is not endorsed and may be associated with health risks, particularly when products are obtained from unregulated sources and used without medical supervision. Researchers should be aware of the regulatory and ethical considerations surrounding the use of growth hormone fragments and metabolic peptides in both research and potential clinical settings, and should conduct studies in accordance with all applicable laws, regulations, and institutional guidelines.